In
physics,
dissipation embodies the concept of a
dynamical system where important mechanical modes, such as
waves or
oscillations, lose
energy over
time, typically due to the action of
friction or
turbulence. The lost energy is converted into
heat, raising the
temperature of the system. Such systems are called
dissipative systems.
For example, a
wave that loses
amplitude is said to
dissipate. The precise nature of the effects depends on the nature of the wave: an
atmospheric wave, for instance, may dissipate close to the surface due to
friction with the land mass, and at higher levels due to
radiative cooling.
Dissipating forces are those which can not be described by
Hamiltonian formalism. Loosely speaking, friction and all similar forces which result in
decoherency of energy, that is, conversion of
coherent or
directed energy flow into an
indirected or more
isotropic distribution of energy.
In
computational physics, a numerical dissipation is also known as "artificial dissipation" or "artificial diffusion" or "numerical diffusion". They all mean this: when the pure
advection equation--which, by definition, is free of dissipation--is solved by a numerical approximation method that reduces the amplitude and changes the shape of the initial wave in a way analogous to a diffusional process, the method is said to contain 'dissipation'.
A formal, mathematical definition of dissipation, as commonly used in the mathematical study of
measure-preserving dynamical systems, is given in the article
wandering set.
In river hydrology
Dissipation is the process of converting mechanical energy of downward flowing water into thermal and acoustical energy. Various devices are designed in streambeds to reduce the kinetic energy of flowing waters to reduce their
erosive potential on banks and
river bottoms. Very often these devices look like small
waterfalls or
cascades, where water flows vertically or over
riprap to lose some of its
kinetic force.
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